Phonetics: More Than Just Sounds
It's About Who We Are
Read my previous article introducing the science of phonetics: The Sound of Language: An Introduction to Phonetics
Phonetics is often viewed as the technical study of how humans produce speech sounds. But its significance extends far beyond the mechanics of language. The sounds we produce and the way we speak carry profound social, philosophical, and psychological implications. From the way we shape our identities to how we perceive power, phonetics is at the heart of human interaction. This article will explore these broader dimensions and show why phonetics is much more than just a technical field. In fact, it is central to understanding human behaviour and society.
Language and Identity
The sounds we produce when we speak are not just neutral carriers of information. They are deeply connected to our identity. Phonetics allows us to study accents, intonation, and rhythm, all of which signal who we are to the world. Accents, in particular, can reveal information about our background, ethnicity, and social status. People often judge us based on how we sound, sometimes without realizing it.
In sociolinguistics, it is well-documented that speakers may alter their speech depending on the social context in a phenomenon known as code-switching. This occurs, for example, when someone speaks with a formal accent in a professional setting but reverts to a regional dialect at home. The psychological pressure to conform to social norms of speech is rooted in our desire to be accepted within different social groups. As Deborah Cameron discusses in Verbal Hygiene (1995), language is deeply tied to social expectations and power relations. While Cameron doesn’t explicitly state, “speech is a powerful social act,” her analysis throughout the text suggests that how we speak often carries as much weight as what we say. The way we speak conveys social cues about class, education, and authority.
Power in Speech
Phonetics also intersects with questions of power. Think of any political speech or public figure. It is not just the words they use but how they say them: their tone, rhythm, and pitch communicate authority. Political leaders, for example, are trained to control their speech to convey power. An even tone and controlled pitch are associated with authority and confidence, whereas a wavering voice can undermine the perception of power.
This concept extends into daily social hierarchies. People with certain accents, often tied to social class or ethnicity, may find that their speech is judged more harshly than others. Accents associated with higher social classes are often seen as more “correct” or “neutral,” which gives speakers of these accents unearned authority in certain social settings. Philosopher Pierre Bourdieu referred to this as “linguistic capital” — the idea that the way we speak can be a source of power or disadvantage in social interactions.
The Philosophical Question of “Correct” Speech
Phonetics also raises deeper philosophical questions about what constitutes “correct” speech. In phonetic terms, there is no such thing as a “better” or “worse” accent; all accents are simply different ways of producing the same linguistic sounds. However, society tends to elevate some accents above others, leading to the marginalisation of certain groups.
Take Received Pronunciation (RP) in the UK, also known as the ‘Queen’s English.” Historically, RP has been seen as a mark of education and social standing, while regional accents have been dismissed as less “refined.” From a phonetic perspective, there is no objective reason why RP should be valued over other accents — it is simply another way of producing speech sounds. But socially, the elevation of RP reflects deep-seated power structures. As sociolinguist Peter Trudgill argues, the preference for certain accents is not about the sounds themselves but about the social and political meanings attached to those sounds (Trudgill, 2000).
This raises a fundamental philosophical question: if language is a tool for communication and all accents effectively communicate, why do we assign greater value to certain ways of speaking? The answer lies in societal power dynamics, where linguistic forms become markers of class, race, and even morality.
Phonetics and Technology: Who Gets Heard?
Phonetics has also become critical in the age of technology. Voice-activated systems like Siri, Alexa, and Google Assistant rely on phonetic principles to recognise speech. However, these systems are often designed to understand only certain accents, usually the “standard” varieties of English or other languages. Speakers with regional or ethnic accents may find that these systems have difficulty recognizing their speech. Although less frequent that a few years ago thanks to improvement in speech recognition software, the problem is real. It gave rise to a funny sketch about two Scottish guys stuck in a lift. It resonates with many people who, like me, have a non-standard accent.
This is not just a technological problem but a social one. If certain groups are excluded from the convenience of voice-activated technology because of their accent, it reinforces existing social inequalities. Philosopher Jürgen Habermas’ idea of the “public sphere” becomes relevant here. For Habermas, the public sphere is a space where individuals can engage in discourse as equals. But if technology is designed to favour certain linguistic forms over others, it risks excluding some groups from this public sphere, limiting their ability to participate in modern society.
A Tool for Inclusivity
At its best, phonetics can be a tool for inclusivity. By studying how different sounds are produced and perceived, phonetics can help us bridge linguistic divides. This is especially important in education, where students from diverse linguistic backgrounds may struggle with pronunciation. Phonetics provides teachers with the tools to understand these difficulties and help students improve their speech without stigmatising their native accents.
In healthcare, phonetics plays a crucial role in speech therapy. Understanding the mechanics of speech production helps therapists treat speech disorders more effectively. This contributes to greater inclusivity for people with speech impairments, allowing them to communicate more easily in a society where clear communication is often equated with competence.
I hope I have been able to show that phonetics is more than just the study of sounds; it is a window into the social and philosophical aspects of human life. From shaping identity and reinforcing power structures to raising fundamental questions about equality and communication, phonetics touches on some of the deepest issues in society. As we continue to navigate a world where speech plays a crucial role in technology, education, and social interaction, the study of phonetics remains as relevant as ever.
©Antoine Decressac — 2024/2025